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County of Pallars
The County of Pallars or Pallás〔The rare alternative spelling is a Castilian variant employed by, for example, Gerónimo Zurita in his ''Anales de la corona de Aragón''.〕 ((カタルーニャ語、バレンシア語:Comtat de Pallars), ; (ラテン語:Comitatus Pallariensis)) was a ''de facto'' independent petty state, nominally within the Carolingian Empire and then West Francia during the ninth and tenth centuries, perhaps one of the Catalan counties,〔Whether it is referred to as a part of Catalonia or not depends on the author. Lewis, ''passim'', treats it as independent of Catalonia proper.〕 originally part of the Marca Hispanica in the ninth century. It was coterminous with the upper Noguera Pallaresa valley from the crest of the Pyrenees to the village of Tremp, comprising the Valle de Àneu, Valle de Cardós, Valle Ferrera, the right bank of the Noguera Ribagorzana, and the valley of the Flamicell. It roughly corresponded with the historic region of Catalonia called Pallars. Its chief city was Sort.
==Carolingian foundations==
The early history of Pallars, which was the easternmost extent of Basque settlement,〔.〕 is linked to that of its western neighbour, Ribagorza. Both territories, nominally lands of the Moors, came under the sway of the count of Toulouse perhaps as early as 781,〔.〕 perhaps as late as the start of the 9th century. They formed in turn a new province attached to Toulouse and therefore became Carolingian vassals.
A widely circulated monkish account of 1078 from Alaó contains the earliest foundation myth of any of the counties of the Hispanic March. Written at a time when the independence of Pallars and Ribagorza was threatened by the hegemony recently created by the personal union of the Kingdom of Navarre and Kingdom of Aragon (1076). It records that Count Bernard and Bishop Ato, both of Ribagorza and descended by tradition from Charlemagne, spearheaded the conquest and repopulation of Sobrarbe and Pallars respectively and that the bishop held ecclesiastical rule over all three counties.
In reality, being so far from the centres of Carolingian power, it was easy for the rulers of Toulouse to act as sovereigns in Pallars and Ribagorza, granting privileges to monasteries in a style very similar to that of their own Frankish lords. Two monasteries were founded in the valleys of the two principal rivers of Pallars: Gerri by the Noguera Pallaresa and Senterada by the Flamicell on land granted by the emperor Louis the Pious himself.〔. Alaó on the Noguera Ribagorzana was in Ribagorza, not Pallars.〕 The revival of monasticism was largely associated with non-Frankish and especially Visigothic clergymen.〔.〕 Charlemagne himself, however, attached Pallars and Ribagorza ecclesiastically to the diocese of Urgell. In 817, Pallars and Ribagorza were made a part of the Kingdom of Aquitaine bestowed on the young Pepin, second son of the emperor Louis the Pious.〔.〕 Throughout the ninth century, the ''aprisio'' had increasingly become a principal form of land division and ownership in Pallars, which was not yet feudalised.〔.〕 Louis the Pious forbade the holding ''in beneficium'' of church property and by the end of the ninth century, most ''aprisiones'' in Pallars had been converted into allods: feudalism was never to take hold.〔. Lewis, 264, says that up to 95% of the land in Pallars in the late tenth century was allodial.〕
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